The following tables present IEM computed monthly data summaries based on
daily data provided by or computed for the IEM. A download interface
exists for the daily summary information. The climatology is provided by the
nearest NCEI climate station (USW00013786) within the current 1991-2020
dataset.
To load shown data into Microsoft Excel,
highlight the table information with your mouse and then copy/paste into Excel.
Precipitation Totals [inch]
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1948
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
0.00
1949
1.25
2.30
2.81
3.15
3.43
4.85
6.46
7.67
4.19
2.94
3.51
2.11
1950
2.11
1.17
2.80
2.25
5.75
5.27
11.68
2.76
4.55
0.80
1.19
2.82
1951
1.19
1.50
3.17
2.24
3.11
4.29
4.16
8.11
1.26
2.98
4.91
2.08
1952
2.54
5.06
4.48
2.06
3.90
2.02
2.93
5.15
1.85
0.88
1.39
1.36
1953
1.98
3.76
1.31
2.67
2.40
0.33
0.00
0.00
5.23
0.31
4.40
4.93
1954
5.13
1.19
4.64
3.52
3.81
1.21
3.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1955
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1956
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1957
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1958
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1959
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1960
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1961
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1962
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1963
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1964
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1965
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1966
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1967
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1968
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1969
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1970
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1971
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
1972
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
0.00
1973
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1974
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1975
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1976
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1977
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1978
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1979
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1980
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1981
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1982
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1983
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1984
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1985
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1986
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1987
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
M
M
M
1988
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1989
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1990
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1991
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1992
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1993
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1994
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1995
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1996
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1997
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1998
0.00
0.00
0.01
2.54
3.99
2.79
4.46
4.30
2.32
1.99
2.82
4.63
1999
3.31
1.70
3.27
2.41
2.73
3.47
7.00
5.20
9.20
7.32
1.29
1.47
2000
3.86
1.36
1.72
4.38
7.46
7.53
2.63
7.32
4.12
0.14
2.30
1.12
2001
1.89
1.98
4.10
0.87
2.49
6.22
3.82
3.90
1.07
0.42
0.25
1.12
2002
4.93
1.90
8.60
3.20
0.98
4.39
5.90
7.52
2.79
6.83
5.77
3.74
2003
2.84
5.96
4.82
7.21
5.47
4.85
4.22
4.22
6.61
3.77
1.55
8.25
2004
1.17
1.78
3.12
2.56
4.59
7.64
6.91
8.80
2.53
4.02
2.95
1.78
2005
2.21
2.76
3.10
2.66
5.53
5.01
8.23
1.49
1.31
5.16
2.10
3.66
2006
2.27
1.11
1.26
2.68
6.24
9.27
7.34
11.85
6.67
2.22
7.00
1.06
2007
2.13
2.14
0.75
2.73
2.83
3.36
1.32
3.76
0.71
3.07
0.61
2.17
2008
0.51
3.12
1.42
3.91
1.35
1.38
3.94
1.94
4.32
1.45
3.87
2.10
2009
1.65
0.59
4.94
1.71
3.76
4.17
8.00
9.81
3.02
0.40
7.56
5.27
2010
2.91
2.31
3.67
1.24
4.04
2.92
3.88
4.98
11.88
2.62
1.03
1.98
2011
2.69
2.45
4.71
2.02
0.58
0.79
4.50
6.40
5.51
2.08
1.72
0.94
2012
2.48
2.72
4.49
2.72
7.62
3.52
6.79
6.14
1.64
5.43
0.36
3.85
2013
1.40
3.65
1.76
2.67
1.19
6.62
6.48
6.26
0.84
5.73
2.99
5.15
2014
2.17
1.97
2.41
6.08
2.33
3.83
5.38
3.26
6.00
0.93
2.92
3.14
2015
4.01
2.79
2.97
4.11
3.42
4.87
5.56
2.45
4.25
4.18
4.21
4.01
2016
2.91
4.68
2.22
4.04
4.36
2.90
3.26
3.14
12.03
10.28
1.62
2.67
2017
3.69
0.92
3.79
2.52
6.05
3.42
8.74
6.01
2.42
3.06
0.98
3.06
2018
3.90
2.74
4.42
4.11
6.92
8.52
11.13
5.06
4.37
1.62
6.53
4.63
2019
3.62
4.33
3.01
5.99
1.67
5.37
5.71
7.09
10.61
2.71
2.82
2.08
2020
3.63
6.86
4.91
3.26
7.59
3.54
2.63
8.58
4.72
2.34
4.33
6.25
2021
4.68
6.49
2.94
2.00
2.04
8.50
4.04
7.88
1.70
2.32
1.22
1.22
2022
4.98
1.91
4.33
2.96
4.19
1.91
4.80
6.15
4.49
0.62
3.55
2.88
2023
4.02
2.67
2.10
3.88
1.55
2.40
3.65
3.82
3.87
1.21
2.44
5.76
2024
2.55
1.35
9.25
0.55
4.66
3.65
11.49
7.55
3.81
0.30
1.17
1.33
2025
1.78
3.30
2.30
1.98
3.24
7.72
6.27
2.98
1.48
3.83
3.79
1.89
2026
2.04
3.03
1.99
1.54
3.93
3.37
7.48
2.79
M
M
M
M
NCEI Climatology
3.30
2.97
3.59
3.16
3.68
4.71
5.65
5.32
4.52
3.63
2.97
3.11
Average Wind Speed [MPH]
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1948
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
1949
7.6
8.3
8.9
8.9
8.1
9.6
7.9
7.5
8.0
7.3
7.0
8.2
1950
9.6
9.2
11.2
10.2
8.4
7.8
7.9
6.9
8.8
7.9
8.0
7.5
1951
9.3
10.0
9.8
10.2
8.7
8.4
6.3
7.2
6.3
10.4
9.3
8.0
1952
9.0
9.6
10.0
9.3
8.9
7.2
6.8
7.3
8.5
7.2
6.7
6.6
1953
7.8
8.8
9.5
9.7
8.6
7.8
7.8
6.1
6.1
5.8
4.6
6.0
1954
6.7
6.9
8.0
8.6
6.5
6.3
6.2
6.1
5.7
8.3
7.6
8.4
1955
7.9
9.8
11.1
9.6
9.0
7.9
7.9
10.5
8.7
7.2
8.1
7.8
1956
10.2
9.9
11.5
12.1
11.3
9.2
8.2
7.3
9.6
10.9
8.8
7.5
1957
8.4
8.3
8.4
8.4
9.3
7.0
7.0
7.5
7.6
7.3
7.3
8.7
1958
8.6
10.0
9.0
9.7
6.9
8.0
6.0
5.4
7.1
8.4
7.9
7.9
1959
8.2
8.2
9.0
10.3
8.9
7.8
7.5
6.4
7.7
7.8
8.9
8.1
1960
8.7
9.8
10.0
10.9
9.8
9.3
7.8
8.2
8.6
8.1
7.1
6.6
1961
7.3
9.6
10.2
10.7
10.2
9.8
7.6
6.0
6.7
5.3
6.0
5.3
1962
7.6
7.1
8.5
7.4
7.0
7.7
6.4
6.3
6.1
6.3
9.3
8.7
1963
6.4
8.3
8.2
8.3
7.7
6.4
5.3
5.8
7.6
8.0
6.4
6.1
1964
9.9
10.1
10.9
10.6
10.9
8.9
9.2
8.8
9.9
8.4
8.4
8.9
1965
9.8
9.8
9.7
8.5
9.6
10.2
9.2
7.7
8.9
9.2
8.3
7.7
1966
10.7
9.3
10.2
9.8
10.6
9.8
8.9
7.8
8.7
8.9
8.8
8.9
1967
8.4
11.2
10.5
10.7
11.0
9.7
8.8
8.1
9.3
7.7
7.3
8.2
1968
9.2
8.6
10.6
10.0
10.4
9.4
8.2
8.8
7.6
8.5
9.4
9.0
1969
9.3
11.1
10.0
10.8
9.2
8.4
7.7
7.7
8.1
9.7
7.6
8.6
1970
7.6
9.7
9.5
9.9
7.4
6.6
4.9
5.4
5.3
6.6
5.5
7.4
1971
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
1972
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
1973
8.1
8.8
8.8
8.2
7.7
6.7
6.5
6.4
7.5
10.2
10.0
11.1
1974
10.7
12.3
11.9
11.1
10.8
9.8
8.2
7.3
8.7
7.5
9.5
9.7
1975
10.7
9.9
12.1
11.8
8.4
9.6
8.9
7.5
9.7
8.9
8.3
9.3
1976
10.4
12.1
10.9
11.5
11.1
9.6
8.0
9.1
6.7
8.9
7.7
8.7
1977
8.9
9.3
10.2
9.9
9.3
8.7
8.3
8.5
7.9
10.8
9.4
9.3
1978
9.9
10.3
11.0
11.4
9.2
8.1
8.2
6.9
8.5
8.9
9.0
9.4
1979
9.6
9.1
9.9
10.0
8.2
8.4
6.8
6.6
8.8
7.0
6.9
8.1
1980
10.0
9.5
11.9
10.1
8.8
9.6
8.3
8.0
8.3
9.3
9.3
8.8
1981
9.4
10.0
10.7
11.2
10.2
9.3
8.4
9.3
8.1
10.5
9.6
10.5
1982
10.4
11.0
10.4
11.3
8.6
8.3
8.3
7.5
8.6
7.7
8.9
9.4
1983
10.0
11.6
11.4
9.4
9.9
8.0
7.9
7.8
9.9
9.1
9.0
10.9
1984
9.2
9.5
10.3
8.8
9.5
8.9
9.9
6.5
9.6
8.1
9.1
7.6
1985
10.0
8.7
11.1
11.2
9.4
9.3
8.7
8.0
9.0
8.5
9.5
9.5
1986
10.1
9.9
11.4
10.1
10.1
10.3
7.7
9.1
8.2
9.4
8.7
8.7
1987
9.9
8.9
10.6
13.3
11.0
10.7
9.2
9.8
7.9
M
M
M
1988
10.5
11.1
10.5
11.5
9.2
10.4
9.4
8.9
9.4
9.0
9.7
9.3
1989
9.7
12.3
12.0
7.8
6.2
7.3
5.5
5.4
8.1
6.0
8.4
9.9
1990
7.1
8.9
10.2
8.2
9.8
8.9
8.6
5.7
8.4
10.3
9.3
10.3
1991
11.1
11.3
12.1
11.1
9.2
9.0
7.7
7.1
8.0
8.0
8.8
10.0
1992
9.2
9.9
10.2
9.7
9.6
7.0
7.8
7.5
8.3
8.1
8.4
9.6
1993
10.6
10.9
10.9
11.4
7.9
8.1
7.3
7.9
6.7
8.0
9.2
8.3
1994
10.9
9.1
11.5
8.9
9.6
5.3
6.3
6.7
7.4
9.2
11.2
10.3
1995
8.4
9.6
9.0
9.5
8.0
7.9
5.1
9.9
8.8
7.8
9.0
8.2
1996
9.7
9.5
12.5
11.7
8.1
7.1
9.0
6.9
9.9
9.8
10.0
10.6
1997
11.7
13.4
14.7
12.4
14.5
12.1
8.7
7.8
9.1
9.4
9.7
9.6
1998
9.1
10.2
10.4
11.1
8.8
8.3
8.2
10.0
7.6
7.4
7.9
9.6
1999
9.8
10.5
11.6
11.9
11.2
10.7
8.6
8.9
10.3
7.7
8.2
8.8
2000
10.7
9.3
10.2
11.8
11.0
9.4
7.5
8.4
8.7
8.1
7.7
9.4
2001
8.6
9.2
10.8
10.8
9.0
7.8
9.6
7.6
7.9
8.0
7.6
8.9
2002
9.2
10.6
10.4
9.8
10.5
10.1
7.4
7.7
8.5
8.7
8.4
10.5
2003
9.8
11.1
10.8
11.0
9.5
8.4
8.6
6.6
9.2
7.9
8.4
9.5
2004
11.1
11.1
11.4
10.7
9.3
8.3
6.7
7.7
10.0
8.2
7.4
9.3
2005
10.7
10.2
9.4
12.2
9.1
7.1
7.2
6.3
10.2
9.7
8.2
9.1
2006
10.3
9.3
10.2
10.6
9.1
8.5
8.1
7.5
7.8
7.0
9.6
7.3
2007
9.6
9.7
10.4
10.0
9.8
8.1
7.3
7.4
7.9
6.7
8.3
9.1
2008
9.3
10.0
12.1
10.3
10.0
8.1
7.4
6.8
10.0
8.3
8.5
9.0
2009
9.1
10.3
10.4
10.0
9.8
7.6
7.6
6.4
8.4
8.9
10.2
9.2
2010
10.0
10.1
10.0
9.3
9.4
8.1
8.5
6.9
8.2
8.8
8.5
9.6
2011
8.5
10.1
10.4
11.5
8.4
8.7
7.5
8.4
6.8
8.7
9.2
8.1
2012
9.3
8.8
8.8
9.7
8.3
8.3
7.7
6.7
6.9
8.8
9.4
8.3
2013
7.5
9.5
10.1
10.1
10.2
10.5
7.6
7.1
7.1
7.9
9.4
8.3
2014
9.5
9.5
12.8
11.2
8.3
7.4
8.3
6.7
8.0
8.3
8.7
8.1
2015
9.1
11.3
10.2
9.1
9.1
8.8
7.6
6.9
9.2
10.1
7.9
7.9
2016
10.5
11.2
10.5
11.6
8.3
9.0
7.6
7.6
9.1
9.7
7.6
8.9
2017
9.0
8.3
10.6
11.2
10.2
8.8
8.3
7.8
9.8
8.2
7.9
8.7
2018
9.4
9.9
11.8
11.1
9.2
7.5
8.3
7.3
7.7
8.4
10.1
8.5
2019
9.6
9.3
10.1
10.3
8.9
8.4
7.5
6.8
8.2
8.3
9.2
8.7
2020
9.5
9.3
10.8
10.6
10.4
8.7
7.5
6.6
9.2
7.5
7.2
8.5
2021
8.3
10.6
10.2
9.7
9.0
7.9
8.0
6.3
7.3
8.5
9.1
7.9
2022
10.5
9.4
10.6
9.9
10.6
7.6
8.2
6.5
8.5
7.6
8.2
7.5
2023
8.3
9.9
10.0
9.7
9.8
7.8
6.9
7.6
7.8
6.9
7.7
6.5
2024
8.5
9.1
10.2
10.0
8.3
7.7
8.0
6.6
8.1
7.4
8.1
8.7
2025
8.9
9.3
10.1
10.6
8.7
6.9
7.6
8.2
9.2
10.2
7.8
8.1
2026
9.2
10.0
10.9
10.7
9.7
8.8
7.8
6.8
M
M
M
M
NCEI Climatology
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Average Daily High Temperature [F]
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1948
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
39.00
1949
58.94
58.32
61.52
67.97
76.10
83.23
88.55
85.48
79.10
74.68
62.17
55.71
1950
63.55
55.14
58.06
67.83
74.77
83.33
84.45
83.55
78.43
73.55
61.77
48.26
1951
54.74
54.68
57.35
68.93
76.52
83.33
87.52
85.35
80.20
72.35
59.37
57.55
1952
56.48
54.48
57.97
70.57
77.94
88.83
89.84
85.77
80.57
68.81
62.30
51.81
1953
57.26
56.54
61.35
70.43
81.90
83.17
88.74
84.97
80.90
72.84
62.60
55.42
1954
53.35
58.29
60.77
72.57
74.03
85.70
87.29
87.39
83.23
74.32
60.00
51.65
1955
47.45
53.64
64.74
71.97
78.06
80.13
89.26
86.61
79.27
72.97
61.27
47.42
1956
45.32
57.31
59.45
67.80
75.45
84.17
86.48
85.61
78.97
70.55
60.73
62.77
1957
49.55
53.86
57.13
74.10
77.26
86.33
88.29
84.68
81.90
66.10
62.17
55.55
1958
46.48
45.96
52.81
67.43
76.97
80.10
89.81
86.03
80.10
69.39
65.73
46.55
1959
50.35
53.82
59.90
69.87
79.39
85.00
85.26
87.42
80.63
72.71
62.00
54.90
1960
50.94
52.38
49.13
73.70
78.06
83.40
85.03
86.74
80.63
70.61
63.83
48.39
1961
47.00
55.43
63.84
65.30
73.58
81.60
88.23
85.61
83.17
70.94
63.17
52.48
1962
49.90
54.18
54.84
68.77
80.52
82.00
84.45
85.13
78.07
72.42
58.37
47.77
1963
47.77
47.79
65.39
71.03
74.10
82.47
85.13
85.00
75.63
70.68
63.70
45.58
1964
54.00
51.17
61.74
68.43
77.35
84.77
85.45
83.39
80.07
67.58
66.37
55.77
1965
51.23
52.04
54.77
66.10
80.23
80.77
84.90
86.26
81.67
69.77
62.63
55.13
1966
45.68
49.61
59.68
65.87
73.42
81.43
87.74
84.10
80.93
71.32
62.20
51.52
1967
53.71
50.18
59.77
71.23
72.52
79.47
84.16
83.52
75.93
70.58
57.30
56.32
1968
46.84
46.21
62.74
66.63
74.13
84.63
86.03
88.16
79.67
72.32
63.33
50.06
1969
47.74
47.04
53.97
68.40
76.42
84.80
87.29
84.29
78.57
69.90
57.37
48.84
1970
42.90
52.04
55.19
67.57
77.39
83.40
85.55
86.55
82.90
71.65
61.40
54.03
1971
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
1972
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
63.00
1973
48.61
48.04
62.42
68.30
75.97
84.90
86.84
86.58
83.37
74.52
64.47
55.94
1974
57.77
53.39
63.74
72.13
76.03
80.87
86.87
84.42
79.60
69.84
61.93
54.29
1975
55.48
55.07
59.10
64.07
77.39
85.03
85.19
89.26
80.73
73.06
67.00
53.68
1976
49.35
61.66
65.06
72.67
74.19
82.00
86.16
83.58
80.80
67.55
55.93
48.97
1977
38.52
53.36
63.68
72.80
78.26
82.17
89.81
88.26
84.03
68.45
63.63
51.29
1978
45.32
40.75
56.58
68.53
73.06
84.03
85.58
88.84
83.60
71.23
65.33
56.71
1979
49.52
44.82
62.16
69.23
75.03
80.40
85.48
86.97
80.33
71.87
66.97
54.32
1980
48.30
44.87
57.08
70.67
78.65
84.17
89.81
89.39
85.93
70.32
59.80
51.10
1981
43.28
54.25
56.84
73.00
74.90
87.73
88.39
83.16
81.27
70.61
59.87
49.29
1982
45.00
52.50
60.23
66.07
81.03
81.83
86.42
84.94
79.83
70.45
64.50
57.52
1983
48.97
51.14
60.94
66.17
75.90
82.27
90.00
89.24
82.00
72.90
62.77
50.96
1984
46.04
57.28
55.26
66.47
77.68
85.67
84.03
86.87
78.30
75.90
60.87
60.57
1985
43.85
51.11
62.74
74.76
78.87
83.10
86.74
85.58
82.63
75.65
69.20
51.01
1986
48.78
50.61
61.16
69.93
77.87
85.27
90.10
83.55
81.50
73.97
63.17
52.87
1987
47.80
48.71
57.27
62.73
78.65
85.20
90.65
86.41
81.77
M
M
M
1988
44.37
51.12
58.71
66.47
75.32
82.13
87.87
87.61
79.23
66.48
64.77
50.77
1989
54.48
51.75
59.35
66.83
75.74
86.83
86.68
85.29
81.33
72.71
63.00
43.32
1990
57.67
64.26
57.70
69.67
75.97
85.73
88.97
86.48
81.30
76.61
65.97
59.87
1991
52.00
57.14
63.00
71.27
82.61
84.27
89.48
85.45
80.53
71.32
62.14
56.87
1992
51.07
54.21
59.65
67.83
71.16
80.86
88.71
83.04
80.28
68.86
62.29
52.72
1993
52.33
48.36
56.96
66.45
78.25
84.62
91.20
85.92
82.87
71.20
63.05
50.57
1994
46.65
54.39
62.09
73.96
73.42
85.10
88.67
83.57
79.18
70.24
66.08
57.29
1995
50.52
48.50
60.24
69.44
75.88
82.01
89.62
85.55
77.96
73.24
56.16
47.69
1996
47.57
49.01
53.96
69.58
75.50
83.27
85.25
82.28
79.04
71.08
54.68
54.80
1997
49.52
55.01
61.79
65.96
73.69
80.24
86.23
85.42
79.70
71.25
58.88
51.02
1998
55.76
54.89
59.47
68.77
76.26
84.13
86.32
85.48
82.95
72.11
62.69
56.32
1999
55.69
54.79
58.05
69.35
74.89
81.19
88.25
86.51
80.81
71.54
65.88
56.04
2000
48.82
56.24
64.61
66.65
78.86
84.15
83.82
83.58
78.57
72.84
58.31
47.10
2001
50.90
55.86
56.94
71.05
77.51
83.81
83.99
86.75
79.18
73.54
68.63
60.98
2002
55.68
57.71
63.19
72.41
76.79
85.87
88.23
86.94
81.57
71.74
60.67
51.59
2003
44.56
50.49
61.62
67.27
74.16
83.13
86.41
86.08
79.72
70.57
68.09
52.65
2004
46.81
51.69
61.03
70.80
82.35
83.40
87.29
83.23
79.73
69.45
63.37
53.23
2005
51.45
50.73
54.72
67.81
72.03
81.82
87.05
87.59
83.60
72.08
65.17
49.29
2006
56.48
52.04
59.23
71.30
75.14
81.80
86.84
86.55
78.10
70.23
63.83
58.94
2007
54.59
48.43
63.90
68.50
74.67
84.39
85.92
88.58
81.15
78.13
61.78
58.08
2008
52.08
57.88
62.45
67.81
75.54
88.83
86.57
85.45
81.19
70.33
58.70
57.55
2009
48.10
55.11
58.39
71.93
79.32
85.90
85.84
88.77
81.13
73.10
65.40
53.97
2010
48.77
48.79
63.71
73.90
80.13
89.10
89.74
87.97
83.23
73.42
62.73
43.74
2011
46.13
58.07
59.55
74.37
81.90
91.77
91.68
89.42
82.40
71.65
66.87
60.13
2012
56.65
58.41
71.87
71.37
81.84
86.07
93.39
88.71
84.17
74.87
60.17
61.74
2013
56.03
54.07
56.13
68.90
76.94
84.27
87.35
83.74
80.77
72.94
60.93
56.84
2014
47.97
52.75
57.52
69.50
79.39
84.30
85.10
83.39
80.27
75.35
61.47
58.97
2015
52.29
42.61
59.77
69.90
78.35
86.93
87.29
86.23
83.23
72.23
66.90
66.42
2016
50.58
54.00
66.94
68.13
74.97
83.90
89.94
89.10
83.10
74.35
63.57
54.94
2017
54.26
62.82
60.23
75.70
78.13
85.20
88.06
85.68
81.87
76.32
63.70
52.97
2018
47.97
63.04
55.10
68.97
82.52
87.03
86.58
89.48
87.20
75.00
61.77
56.65
2019
52.55
59.29
60.26
73.97
85.19
86.50
90.90
88.10
84.67
76.58
60.00
59.65
2020
58.45
59.10
66.42
69.53
74.07
83.82
92.23
89.53
81.56
76.54
69.03
53.72
2021
49.46
50.64
64.39
70.60
77.26
83.63
87.29
87.65
83.13
76.39
61.77
62.29
2022
49.22
57.50
65.29
70.80
77.74
84.87
88.08
87.00
82.29
69.26
65.50
53.86
2023
58.16
61.61
61.48
72.13
73.23
81.79
89.25
88.09
81.87
73.81
62.13
58.35
2024
54.02
55.40
63.50
71.30
78.25
85.80
87.66
85.71
79.70
74.42
67.17
56.35
2025
46.87
55.01
66.84
74.70
78.02
87.08
89.03
82.48
79.50
70.06
63.10
51.29
2026
50.23
49.64
69.55
75.13
77.84
86.20
87.87
88.60
M
M
M
M
NCEI Climatology
52.31
55.08
61.31
70.80
78.01
85.40
88.19
86.80
81.80
73.40
63.11
55.61
Average Daily Low Temperature [F]
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1948
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
37.00
1949
42.00
41.43
41.10
49.30
58.26
69.37
73.65
71.45
63.77
57.87
40.97
37.23
1950
45.26
37.64
39.10
46.13
58.19
65.80
70.29
67.39
64.80
56.52
39.27
30.39
1951
34.84
34.36
39.68
48.13
56.06
65.80
69.81
70.16
63.43
57.48
39.73
36.65
1952
36.77
37.03
39.97
51.13
58.23
69.73
71.03
70.65
63.93
46.48
41.67
34.55
1953
38.77
38.50
43.52
49.57
63.23
65.23
71.35
69.03
63.17
53.74
40.37
36.58
1954
33.42
37.21
40.26
52.27
56.10
66.50
69.23
69.23
64.97
53.52
40.60
30.74
1955
30.90
31.25
44.03
51.97
59.26
62.47
72.58
72.65
67.40
52.16
39.40
29.74
1956
30.71
39.00
39.68
47.60
57.13
67.60
70.84
68.94
63.53
58.77
42.77
43.23
1957
32.10
38.86
40.84
52.33
60.26
68.97
69.19
68.42
68.00
50.00
44.90
37.39
1958
29.97
28.43
38.00
50.10
59.23
63.37
73.68
71.10
61.37
53.42
47.07
28.84
1959
30.42
36.68
40.16
50.30
61.39
66.33
72.39
71.23
65.73
57.81
42.70
37.52
1960
35.19
34.31
32.81
52.47
59.29
67.90
69.45
72.48
65.73
53.77
43.20
26.87
1961
28.58
37.46
45.03
46.37
56.03
65.30
71.61
71.00
67.27
50.97
45.27
34.90
1962
32.03
35.89
37.90
48.47
61.29
66.87
69.00
69.06
61.00
54.42
42.37
31.84
1963
30.42
28.29
44.16
49.53
55.77
64.93
68.74
68.74
60.70
51.58
43.63
28.71
1964
35.23
33.55
41.97
50.43
58.81
66.13
71.32
68.35
64.20
49.81
45.67
40.16
1965
32.45
33.71
37.77
46.03
61.65
65.13
69.90
69.94
65.80
51.58
42.83
35.23
1966
30.48
34.29
39.55
46.93
56.39
64.00
70.71
69.81
63.83
51.68
41.77
34.74
1967
37.42
33.07
40.32
48.53
53.52
63.40
70.35
68.90
58.43
50.03
37.73
37.35
1968
28.68
27.31
40.39
47.33
56.61
66.30
70.65
71.68
61.23
54.74
44.97
32.35
1969
31.61
34.18
35.68
50.27
57.29
69.13
72.81
68.81
62.80
56.52
42.73
35.90
1970
28.32
33.75
40.58
52.30
60.32
68.17
70.71
71.13
65.43
56.94
44.63
37.29
1971
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
1972
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
63.00
1973
33.94
32.36
46.77
51.57
59.52
70.70
70.32
71.26
66.20
55.13
42.50
39.03
1974
45.19
37.18
45.52
50.50
59.90
66.63
69.77
70.87
64.97
48.13
42.33
38.23
1975
39.10
38.96
41.84
46.57
60.48
68.47
70.55
70.71
67.57
56.48
47.27
36.35
1976
31.39
39.97
45.55
50.97
57.97
67.23
69.39
67.45
60.90
48.81
35.47
31.45
1977
23.03
31.82
45.52
53.17
59.52
65.63
71.84
71.00
67.13
51.68
48.10
36.58
1978
29.58
26.21
40.52
51.70
57.48
66.40
70.13
72.29
64.33
50.58
49.80
37.58
1979
33.23
29.29
42.71
52.47
60.35
63.80
70.45
70.42
68.77
50.48
46.83
36.29
1980
35.81
28.66
39.55
53.07
59.65
65.73
71.29
71.06
68.00
52.19
41.25
34.93
1981
24.85
35.49
36.86
53.07
57.65
71.67
72.29
68.10
61.13
50.77
41.83
34.42
1982
30.44
37.65
42.81
48.60
61.45
67.53
72.10
68.23
62.83
52.39
47.67
42.20
1983
35.83
36.38
45.03
49.27
58.84
70.60
75.81
74.28
67.83
58.90
48.17
39.17
1984
33.28
43.61
43.53
55.57
63.77
72.40
73.26
73.32
65.57
61.74
45.50
44.95
1985
31.15
37.25
48.77
60.28
64.29
70.60
74.42
72.71
67.17
62.29
57.73
36.69
1986
35.42
37.91
43.15
51.37
59.32
70.43
74.52
70.65
65.67
58.32
50.07
39.51
1987
34.61
33.91
42.53
51.33
63.97
71.63
74.06
74.03
68.77
M
M
M
1988
32.35
35.68
43.24
49.43
59.26
65.10
72.97
74.52
65.97
48.84
47.50
34.96
1989
40.05
38.11
44.61
51.37
58.32
71.93
72.39
71.94
67.43
54.48
45.53
28.95
1990
40.12
46.43
45.50
50.30
60.03
67.67
73.35
71.13
64.13
57.65
43.61
44.44
1991
37.03
38.61
45.34
53.63
65.10
69.17
75.29
72.35
65.20
52.94
43.92
40.13
1992
35.62
38.35
40.68
49.70
55.55
65.96
73.93
69.81
66.89
50.89
47.23
40.01
1993
39.22
32.76
41.08
48.36
61.51
72.06
77.71
71.84
66.84
54.80
46.81
34.39
1994
32.03
34.75
44.05
54.63
57.81
72.39
75.53
69.12
63.44
53.18
49.82
42.56
1995
37.28
34.56
44.34
51.39
60.96
69.60
75.25
72.97
65.60
57.72
40.69
31.67
1996
33.35
33.52
39.52
50.63
60.01
70.33
72.30
69.44
64.88
54.30
39.98
40.88
1997
34.70
40.42
45.99
48.02
56.91
65.84
72.53
67.59
64.94
54.41
43.22
36.74
1998
40.52
41.64
44.90
50.47
59.06
67.93
70.84
70.78
64.46
50.74
42.77
41.41
1999
37.10
35.89
37.24
49.32
57.88
66.73
72.91
70.85
64.84
52.73
45.61
37.31
2000
32.10
36.52
42.42
48.98
60.57
67.69
68.63
68.28
64.75
50.06
38.93
30.32
2001
32.05
37.53
39.61
49.21
56.83
68.20
67.63
70.61
60.86
48.96
44.49
40.41
2002
35.67
36.16
44.05
53.46
57.42
67.79
71.56
70.65
67.23
57.99
42.08
34.65
2003
29.52
34.47
44.52
49.80
59.13
67.67
72.00
72.39
66.07
52.65
47.43
33.32
2004
29.52
34.52
42.84
50.70
64.58
69.14
72.98
68.26
66.33
52.72
43.70
34.55
2005
33.74
35.17
36.88
48.17
54.32
67.23
72.41
72.10
67.10
56.28
44.02
31.71
2006
38.45
33.36
38.42
50.53
56.10
66.30
71.21
71.06
61.17
51.25
45.93
38.21
2007
36.38
30.22
41.12
47.98
56.58
65.33
68.98
69.68
64.16
58.71
40.26
39.69
2008
32.66
37.80
42.42
51.85
55.18
68.11
68.74
68.41
66.90
49.66
41.40
39.38
2009
30.84
32.00
39.97
49.80
62.13
67.90
69.32
73.10
64.97
54.94
49.47
36.13
2010
30.61
29.57
41.94
49.53
61.26
71.57
70.45
71.06
64.00
52.81
40.93
25.35
2011
28.74
35.61
41.26
54.20
60.16
68.47
72.68
71.23
66.10
50.87
45.00
38.23
2012
36.68
36.83
50.19
49.80
64.68
66.20
75.97
73.65
64.87
55.65
41.13
42.71
2013
36.90
36.46
35.13
49.83
57.84
68.53
72.65
68.58
60.47
54.68
40.47
37.68
2014
26.58
33.71
36.52
49.17
60.19
65.77
68.65
68.55
66.57
53.68
39.80
40.35
2015
33.19
24.96
38.90
48.80
60.13
69.87
70.65
68.32
67.77
53.87
47.80
49.48
2016
31.52
35.48
46.10
47.60
58.16
67.07
72.71
72.68
68.23
55.90
40.33
35.52
2017
36.52
38.43
39.00
56.40
59.87
67.20
72.23
71.26
65.77
56.87
42.73
35.16
2018
26.77
42.18
36.90
47.20
65.35
70.13
71.16
72.74
71.53
55.45
44.83
39.35
2019
34.19
40.07
40.65
54.20
63.71
67.77
72.29
71.42
68.23
58.29
40.90
40.23
2020
40.80
40.96
49.47
49.39
58.39
68.77
75.19
75.01
68.70
59.55
49.09
35.59
2021
33.48
36.45
44.55
50.09
56.60
69.03
71.68
72.86
64.67
58.90
40.73
42.45
2022
30.53
36.42
45.80
49.70
61.41
66.40
73.53
70.97
64.91
51.28
47.73
36.23
2023
40.05
42.74
43.22
53.76
57.69
64.39
73.23
71.51
65.65
52.61
41.84
38.00
2024
34.71
38.10
44.81
51.20
61.81
67.97
73.38
70.13
67.25
53.54
48.60
37.39
2025
28.90
36.59
46.10
54.20
62.35
70.55
75.00
68.35
64.47
53.84
42.32
32.39
2026
29.48
30.82
45.10
53.13
57.35
66.03
71.55
72.47
M
M
M
M
NCEI Climatology
33.10
35.08
40.49
49.41
58.41
67.11
70.99
70.00
64.90
52.80
42.41
36.50
Average Daily Temperature (high+low)/2 [F]
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1948
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
38.00
1949
50.47
49.88
51.31
58.63
67.18
76.30
81.10
78.47
71.43
66.27
51.57
46.47
1950
54.40
46.39
48.58
56.98
66.48
74.57
77.37
75.47
71.62
65.03
50.52
39.32
1951
44.79
44.52
48.52
58.53
66.29
74.57
78.66
77.76
71.82
64.92
49.55
47.10
1952
46.63
45.76
48.97
60.85
68.08
79.28
80.44
78.21
72.25
57.65
51.98
43.18
1953
48.02
47.52
52.44
60.00
72.56
74.20
80.05
77.00
72.03
63.29
51.48
46.00
1954
43.39
47.75
50.52
62.42
65.06
76.10
78.26
78.31
74.10
63.92
50.30
41.19
1955
39.18
42.45
54.39
61.97
68.66
71.30
80.92
79.63
73.33
62.56
50.33
38.58
1956
38.02
48.16
49.56
57.70
66.29
75.88
78.66
77.27
71.25
64.66
51.75
53.00
1957
40.82
46.36
48.98
63.22
68.76
77.65
78.74
76.55
74.95
58.05
53.53
46.47
1958
38.23
37.20
45.40
58.77
68.10
71.73
81.74
78.56
70.73
61.40
56.40
37.69
1959
40.39
45.25
50.03
60.08
70.39
75.67
78.82
79.32
73.18
65.26
52.35
46.21
1960
43.06
43.34
40.97
63.08
68.68
75.65
77.24
79.61
73.18
62.19
53.52
37.63
1961
37.79
46.45
54.44
55.83
64.81
73.45
79.92
78.31
75.22
60.95
54.22
43.69
1962
40.97
45.04
46.37
58.62
70.90
74.43
76.73
77.10
69.53
63.42
50.37
39.81
1963
39.10
38.04
54.77
60.28
64.94
73.70
76.94
76.87
68.17
61.13
53.67
37.15
1964
44.61
42.36
51.85
59.43
68.08
75.45
78.39
75.87
72.13
58.69
56.02
47.97
1965
41.84
42.88
46.27
56.07
70.94
72.95
77.40
78.10
73.73
60.68
52.73
45.18
1966
38.08
41.95
49.61
56.40
64.90
72.72
79.23
76.95
72.38
61.50
51.98
43.13
1967
45.56
41.62
50.05
59.88
63.02
71.43
77.26
76.21
67.18
60.31
47.52
46.84
1968
37.76
36.76
51.56
56.98
65.37
75.47
78.34
79.92
70.45
63.53
54.15
41.21
1969
39.68
40.61
44.82
59.33
66.85
76.97
80.05
76.55
70.68
63.21
50.05
42.37
1970
35.61
42.89
47.89
59.93
68.85
75.78
78.13
78.84
74.17
64.29
53.02
45.66
1971
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
1972
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
63.00
1973
41.27
40.20
54.60
59.93
67.74
77.80
78.58
78.92
74.78
64.82
53.48
47.48
1974
51.48
45.29
54.63
61.32
67.97
73.75
78.32
77.65
72.28
58.98
52.13
46.26
1975
47.29
47.02
50.47
55.32
68.94
76.75
77.87
79.98
74.15
64.77
57.13
45.02
1976
40.37
50.81
55.31
61.82
66.08
74.62
77.77
75.52
70.85
58.18
45.70
40.21
1977
30.77
42.59
54.60
62.98
68.89
73.90
80.82
79.63
75.58
60.06
55.87
43.94
1978
37.45
33.48
48.55
60.12
65.27
75.22
77.85
80.56
73.97
60.90
57.57
47.15
1979
41.37
37.05
52.44
60.85
67.69
72.10
77.97
78.69
74.55
61.18
56.90
45.31
1980
42.06
36.76
48.31
61.87
69.15
74.95
80.55
80.23
76.97
61.26
50.53
43.01
1981
34.06
44.87
46.85
63.03
66.27
79.70
80.34
75.63
71.20
60.69
50.85
41.86
1982
37.72
45.08
51.52
57.33
71.24
74.68
79.26
76.58
71.33
61.42
56.08
49.86
1983
42.40
43.76
52.98
57.72
67.37
76.43
82.90
81.76
74.92
65.90
55.47
45.06
1984
39.66
50.44
49.39
61.02
70.73
79.03
78.65
80.10
71.93
68.82
53.18
52.76
1985
37.50
44.18
55.76
67.52
71.58
76.85
80.58
79.15
74.90
68.97
63.47
43.85
1986
42.10
44.26
52.16
60.65
68.60
77.85
82.31
77.10
73.58
66.15
56.62
46.19
1987
41.21
41.31
49.90
57.03
71.31
78.42
82.35
80.22
75.27
M
M
M
1988
38.36
43.40
50.98
57.95
67.29
73.62
80.42
81.06
72.60
57.66
56.13
42.86
1989
47.27
44.93
51.98
59.10
67.03
79.38
79.53
78.61
74.38
63.60
54.26
36.14
1990
48.90
55.34
51.60
59.98
68.00
76.70
81.16
78.81
72.72
67.13
54.79
52.15
1991
44.52
47.88
54.17
62.45
73.85
76.72
82.39
78.90
72.87
62.13
53.03
48.50
1992
43.35
46.28
50.16
58.77
63.35
73.41
81.32
76.42
73.59
59.88
54.76
46.37
1993
45.78
40.56
49.02
57.41
69.88
78.34
84.45
78.88
74.85
63.00
54.93
42.48
1994
39.34
44.57
53.07
64.30
65.61
78.75
82.10
76.34
71.31
61.71
57.95
49.92
1995
43.90
41.53
52.29
60.42
68.42
75.81
82.44
79.26
71.78
65.48
48.43
39.68
1996
40.46
41.26
46.74
60.10
67.75
76.80
78.77
75.86
71.96
62.69
47.33
47.84
1997
42.11
47.72
53.89
56.99
65.30
73.04
79.38
76.51
72.32
62.83
51.05
43.88
1998
48.14
48.26
52.19
59.62
67.66
76.03
78.58
78.13
73.71
61.43
52.73
48.86
1999
46.39
45.34
47.64
59.33
66.38
73.96
80.58
78.68
72.83
62.14
55.74
46.67
2000
40.46
46.38
53.52
57.81
69.72
75.92
76.22
75.93
71.66
61.45
48.62
38.71
2001
41.48
46.69
48.27
60.13
67.17
76.01
75.81
78.68
70.02
61.25
56.56
50.70
2002
45.68
46.94
53.62
62.94
67.11
76.83
79.89
78.80
74.40
64.86
51.37
43.12
2003
37.04
42.48
53.07
58.53
66.65
75.40
79.20
79.24
72.89
61.61
57.76
42.99
2004
38.16
43.10
51.94
60.75
73.47
76.27
80.14
75.74
73.03
61.09
53.53
43.89
2005
42.60
42.95
45.80
57.99
63.17
74.52
79.73
79.84
75.35
64.18
54.60
40.50
2006
47.47
42.70
48.82
60.92
65.62
74.05
79.02
78.81
69.63
60.74
54.88
48.57
2007
45.48
39.32
52.51
58.24
65.63
74.86
77.45
79.13
72.65
68.42
51.02
48.88
2008
42.37
47.84
52.44
59.83
65.36
78.47
77.65
76.93
74.04
59.99
50.05
48.47
2009
39.47
43.55
49.18
60.87
70.73
76.90
77.58
80.94
73.05
64.02
57.43
45.05
2010
39.69
39.18
52.82
61.72
70.69
80.33
80.10
79.52
73.62
63.11
51.83
34.55
2011
37.44
46.84
50.40
64.28
71.03
80.12
82.18
80.32
74.25
61.26
55.93
49.18
2012
46.66
47.62
61.03
60.58
73.26
76.13
84.68
81.18
74.52
65.26
50.65
52.23
2013
46.47
45.27
45.63
59.37
67.39
76.40
80.00
76.16
70.62
63.81
50.70
47.26
2014
37.27
43.23
47.02
59.33
69.79
75.03
76.87
75.97
73.42
64.52
50.63
49.66
2015
42.74
33.79
49.34
59.35
69.24
78.40
78.97
77.27
75.50
63.05
57.35
57.95
2016
41.05
44.74
56.52
57.87
66.56
75.48
81.32
80.89
75.67
65.13
51.95
45.23
2017
45.39
50.62
49.61
66.05
69.00
76.20
80.15
78.47
73.82
66.60
53.22
44.06
2018
37.37
52.61
46.00
58.08
73.94
78.58
78.87
81.11
79.37
65.23
53.30
48.00
2019
43.37
49.68
50.45
64.08
74.45
77.13
81.60
79.76
76.45
67.44
50.45
49.94
2020
49.62
50.03
57.94
59.46
66.23
76.29
83.71
82.27
75.13
68.05
59.06
44.66
2021
41.47
43.54
54.47
60.35
66.93
76.33
79.48
80.25
73.90
67.65
51.25
52.37
2022
39.88
46.96
55.55
60.25
69.57
75.63
80.80
78.98
73.60
60.27
56.62
45.04
2023
49.10
52.17
52.35
62.95
65.46
73.09
81.24
79.80
73.76
63.21
51.99
48.17
2024
44.36
46.75
54.15
61.25
70.03
76.88
80.52
77.92
73.47
63.98
57.88
46.87
2025
37.89
45.80
56.47
64.45
70.19
78.82
82.02
75.42
71.98
61.95
52.71
41.84
2026
39.85
40.23
57.32
64.13
67.60
76.12
79.71
80.53
M
M
M
M
NCEI Climatology
42.70
45.08
50.90
60.10
68.21
76.25
79.59
78.40
73.35
63.10
52.76
46.05
Average Relative Humidity [%]
This value is computed via a simple average of available observations weighted
by the duration between observations.
